Fig 1: Propranolol effects on the AKT/MAPK pathway and CD8+ T cell in gastric cancer patients. (A, B) Ki-67, p-Akt, p-MEK, and p-ERK were assessed by immunohistochemistry assay in tumor tissue both in propranolol and PBS groups. (C) Quantification of Ki-67, p-Akt, p-MEK, and p-ERK staining. (D–F) Example pictures in tumor tissues using in the immunofluorescence panel, including GrzmB, IFN-γ, and T-bet in CD8+ T cells. The first column shows the cell nucleus in blue by 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI); the next column shows the presence of CD8+ T cells in red. The third column shows the factor of interest in green, and the final column shows the merged image of the three channels. (G) Quantification of the expression of GrzmB, IFN-γ, and T-bet in CD8+ T cells populations. N = 17 in control group and N = 4 in propranolol group. Results are presented as mean ± SEM. ns, no significance; *P < 0.05.